Nūhou - ʻO kahi hale kila kila kiʻekiʻe e pono ai nā lako-ROYAL STEEL

Hale hale kilae hoʻohana i ke kila ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa mua (e like me nā kaola, nā kolamu, a me nā pahu), i hoʻohui ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻaʻole e halihali i ka ukana e like me nā mea hao a me nā mea pā. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kila, e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka māmā, a me ka hana hou ʻana, ua lilo ia i ʻenehana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia wā, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā hale nui, kiʻekiʻe, a me nā hale ʻoihana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hale kila i nā kahua pāʻani, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, nā skyscrapers, nā hale hana, nā alahaka, a me nā noi ʻē aʻe.

Nā ʻano hana nui

Pono e koho ʻia ke ʻano o ka hale kūkulu kila e like me ka hana o ka hale (e like me ka span, kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ukana). ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau penei:

ʻAno Hana	Kumukuai	Nā Kūlana kūpono	ʻAno maʻamau
Hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pā	Hoʻokumu ʻia me nā kaola a me nā kolamu i hoʻopili ʻia ma o nā ami ʻoʻoleʻa a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana i nā papa planar, e halihali ana i nā haʻawe kū pololei a me nā haʻawe paepae (ka makani, ke olai).	ʻO nā hale keʻena he nui / kiʻekiʻe, nā hōkele, nā hale noho (maʻamau me ke kiʻekiʻe ≤ 100m).	ʻO China World Trade Center Hale kiaʻi 3B (ʻāpana ʻāpana)
Hoʻokumu ʻo Truss	Loaʻa i nā lālā pololei (e laʻa, ke kila kihi, kila poepoe) i hana ʻia i mau ʻāpana triangular. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i ke kūpaʻa o nā triangles e hoʻoili i nā ukana, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka puʻunaue like ʻole.	Nā hale ākea nui (span: 20-100m): hale haʻuki, hale hōʻikeʻike, hale hana hale hana.	ʻO ka hale o ka National Stadium (Bird's Nest)
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Space Truss/Lattice Shell Structure	Hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lālā he nui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau (e laʻa, nā huinakolu like, nā ʻāpana) i loko o kahi mānoanoa. Māhele ʻia nā pūʻali ma kahi ākea, hiki i nā wahi uhi nui.	Nā hale ʻokoʻa-nui (span: 50-200m): nā kahua mokulele, nā kikowaena hui.	ʻO ka hale o Guangzhou Baiyun Airport Terminal 2
ʻO ke ʻano o ka pāpaʻi paʻa paʻa	Ua haku ʻia me nā kolamu kiʻi paʻa a me nā kaola e hana i ke ʻano he "puka". Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā kumu kolamu, kūpono no ka lawe ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa māmā.	Nā mea kanu hale kūʻai hoʻokahi, nā hale kūʻai, nā kikowaena logistic (span: 10-30m).	He hale hana hana o kahi hale hana kaʻa
Hoʻolālā Uila-Membrane	Hoʻohana i nā kaula kila ikaika loa (e laʻa, nā kaula hao galvanized) ma ke ʻano o ke kāʻei lawe ukana, i uhi ʻia me nā mea membrane maʻalahi (e laʻa, PTFE membrane), e hōʻike ana i nā mea hiki ke hoʻouna māmā a me ka nui-span.	ʻO nā hale ʻāina, nā hale haʻuki membrane i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ea, nā canopies.	Hale ʻauʻau o Shanghai Oriental Sports Center

Mea Nui

ʻO ke kila i hoʻohana ʻia mahale kūkulu kilaPono e koho ʻia ma muli o nā koi o ka ukana, ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā papa, nā profiles, a me nā paipu. ʻO nā ʻāpana kikoʻī a me nā hiʻohiʻona penei:

I. Papa:
1. Nā papa kila mānoanoa
2. Nā pā kila lahilahi
3. Nā papa kila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia

II. Nā moʻolelo:
(I) Nā ʻaoʻao ʻōwili wela: He kūpono no nā mea lawe ukana mua, hāʻawi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa.
1. I-beams (me ka H-beams)
2. Kaila hao (C-beams)
3. Ke kila kihi (L-beams)
4. Ke kila palahalaha
(II) Nā ʻaoʻao pā lahilahi i hana ʻia i ke anuanu: He kūpono no nā ʻāpana māmā a me nā mea paʻa, e hāʻawi ana i ke kaumaha make haʻahaʻa.
1. Nā kukui C i hana ʻia i ke anu
2. Nā kukuna Z i hana anu
3. Na paipu huinahalike a me ka huinahalike

III. Paipu:
1. ʻO nā paipu kila ʻole
2. Nā paipu kila welded
3. Nā paipu wiliwili ʻia
4. Nā paipu kila kūikawā

ʻO ke kila kila maikaʻi

Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kaumaha māmā: ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika tensile a me ka ikaika compressive o ke kila ma mua o ke koʻikoʻi (ma kahi o 5-10 mau manawa o ke koʻikoʻi). Hāʻawi ʻia i nā koi hoʻokau like, hiki ke liʻiliʻi nā mea hana kila ma ka ʻāpana keʻa a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kaumaha (ma kahi o 1/3-1/5 o nā hale paʻa).

ʻO ka hana wikiwiki a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe: Kūleʻa kilaHiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana (e like me ka H-beams a me nā kolamu pahu) a hana ʻia i nā hale hana me ka pololei o ka pae millimeter. Pono lākou i ka bolting a i ʻole ka welding no ka hui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele, e hoʻopau ana i ka pono no ka manawa hoʻōla e like me ke kaʻa.

Hoʻokō Seismic maikaʻi loa: Hōʻike ka kila i ka ductility maikaʻi loa (ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi nui ʻia ma lalo o ka ukana me ka ʻole e haki koke). I ka wā o nā ōlaʻi, hoʻomoʻa nā hale kila i ka ikehu ma o kā lākou deformation ponoʻī, e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hale.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lewa kiʻekiʻe: ʻO nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻolālā kila (e like me nā kolamu tubular kila a me nā kaola H-flange liʻiliʻi) e hoʻemi i ka wahi i noho ʻia e nā paia a i ʻole nā kolamu.

Pili kaiapuni a hiki ke hana hou ia: Loaʻa i ke kila kekahi o nā kumukūʻai hoʻopōmaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā mea kūkulu hale (ʻoi aku ma mua o 90%). Hiki ke hana hou ʻia a hoʻohana hou ʻia nā hale kila i hoʻopau ʻia, e hōʻemi ana i ka pau ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana.