ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kūkulu kila he kumukūʻai kūpono ko lākou

Loaʻa i nā hale kila nā pono o ke kaumaha māmā, ka hilinaʻi kūkulu kiʻekiʻe, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mīkini hana ʻana a me ke kau ʻana, ka hana sila maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa wela a me ke ahi, ke kalapona haʻahaʻa, ka mālama ikehu, ka palekana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke kaiapuni.

ʻO ke kūkulu kila he hale i hana ʻia me nā mea kila a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano nui o nā hale kūkulu. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana he mau kaola kila, nā kolamu kila, nā trusses kila a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia me ke kila i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a me nā papa kila, a hoʻohana i nā kaʻina hana wehe popo a me nā kaʻina hana anti-popo e like me ka silanization, manganese phosphating maʻemaʻe, ka holoi a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, a me ka galvanizing. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a i ʻole ʻāpana e nā wili, nā bolts a i ʻole nā ​​rivets. Ma muli o kona māmā a me ke kūkulu maʻalahi, hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā hale hana nui, nā wahi, nā hale kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe. He maʻalahi nā hale kila i ka popo. Ma ke ʻano laulā, pono e wehe ʻia nā hale kila, galvanized a pena ʻia paha, a pono e mālama mau ʻia.

Ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha māmā. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka sima a me ka lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui a me ka ikaika hua. No laila, ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi like, he liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana kea o nā lālā kūkulu kila, māmā ke kaumaha, maʻalahi ka lawe ʻana a me ke kau ʻana, a kūpono no nā hale nui, kiʻekiʻe, a kaumaha. He paʻakikī maikaʻi a me ka plasticity nā mea hana kila, nā mea like, hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana, kūpono no ke kū ʻana i nā kaumaha hopena a me nā ukana dynamic, a he kūpaʻa seismic maikaʻi. He like ke ʻano o loko o ke kila a kokoke i ke kino homogeneous isotropic. Hoʻokō piha ka hana o ke kūkulu kila me ke kumumanaʻo helu, no laila he palekana kiʻekiʻe a hilinaʻi hoʻi.

Ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha māmā. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka sima a me ka lāʻau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui a me ka ikaika hua. No laila, ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi like, he liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana kea o nā lālā o ke kila, māmā ke kaumaha, maʻalahi ka lawe ʻana a me ke kau ʻana, a kūpono no nā hale nui, kiʻekiʻe, a kaumaha. 2. He paʻakikī maikaʻi a me ka plasticity nā mea hana kila, nā mea like, hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe o ke kūkulu ʻana, kūpono no ke kū ʻana i nā kaumaha hopena a me nā ukana dynamic, a he kūpaʻa seismic maikaʻi. He like ke ʻano o loko o ke kila a kokoke i ke kino homogeneous isotropic. Hoʻokō piha ka hana o ke kila i ke kumumanaʻo helu, no laila he palekana kiʻekiʻe a hilinaʻi hoʻi.